Data Communication Tutorials Point

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 Data Communication Tutorials Point

Data Communication introduction:

we will describe how we have arrived at this electronic global advanced village. Computers, telephones, and wireless devices are being linked by networks everywhere in the world of connectivity. We are rapidly coming into an era of the world in which we can find almost anything we want online and reach almost anywhere and anytime. When we collaborate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be local or remote. Between individuals, local communication channel usually occurs face to face, while the remote communication system takes place over a long or short distance.

Data Communication Definition:

Data Communication is the exchange of any kind of data between two devices via some form of transmission media such as a wire cable. 
In other words, we can say that transfer of information or data from one location to another location is known as Data Communications.
The term data communication can generally be defined as the movement of encoded information using electrical transmission systems from one computer or device to another computer or device through communication channels (such as cables, wireless media, etc.)

Component of Data Communication:

different-component

There are five components in data communication
  • Message:
The message is the information to be communicated. It can consist of a letter, number, pictures, sound, audio, video, or any combination of these
  • Sender:
The sender is the device that sends any kind of data. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone, video camera, any other type of data ,and so on.
  • Receiver:
The receiver is the device that receives any kind of data. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone, television, and so on.
  • Communication Channel:
The communication channel is the physical path by which data travels from sender to receiver. It can be a twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optics cable, or microwave, etc
  • Encoder and Decoder:
The encoder converts digital signals into a form, which can pass through the transmission medium and the decoder again converts the signal from the encoded form into digital form, which is understandable for the receiver. Without these channels, two devices may be connected but not communicating with each other, such as a student speaking Urdu cannot understand a student who speaks only German without a translator.

Signals:

The electromagnetic or light waves representing any kind of data are called signals. These are used to transfer data from one device to another through a communication medium. Data communicating signals can be in analog or digital form. 
  • Analog:
The analog data signals are continuous electrical signals in the form of waves. This wave is called a carrier wave. Two characteristics of analog carrier waves that can be altered are:
Frequency is the number of times a wave repeats during a specific time interval in each transmission.
Amplitude is the height of waves within a given period of time.
  • Digital:
A digital signal uses on-off electrical pulses in not continuous, or discrete form. Most computers are digital in nature, represent any type of data as patterns of binary numbers that is 0 and 1.

Types Of Data:

Data can be represented in different ways such a sin data communication, numbers, images, audio, and video, etc.
  • Text:
The text consists of words, sentences, and paragraphs. Text processing refers to the ability to manipulate words, lines, and pages in any type of data. 
  • Numeric:
Numeric data consists of digital from 0 to 9, a positive or negative sign, and a decimal point. It can be integer type or real type data that is positive and negative number.
  • Audio:
Sound is a representation of audio. It is converted digital code by sampling the sound waves 44,056 times per second tps and converting each sample of any type into a 16-bit number.
  • Video:
Video can be produced either as a continuous entirely, or it can be a combination of images, each a discrete entirely, arrange to convey the idea of motion. Video creates action and movements.

Data Representation:

The computer works with binary numbers that is 0 and 1 , binary means two digits. These are 0 or 1. An electrical pulse inside the computer system represents each binary number. 1 is represented by a pulse of electrical inside the computer system and 0 by an absence of a pulse in a computer system. Each binary digit is called a bit and it is the smallest element of data. 

Encoding of data:

data-communication
The computer works with binary digits that is 0 and 1 only. Therefore, all data numeric or non-numeric must be converted into binary digits that is 0 and 1. before the computer can understand it. Computers transmit data should have the same standard rules for both to understand it.

BCD Code: (Binary Coded Decimal) is 4 bits code that computer understand. A few early computer-processed BCD numbers but were slower and more complicated than a modern computer, which can process alphanumeric.

EBCDIC Code:
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit code primarily used by International Business Machine (IBM). This type is intended for efficient transfer between hosts, which use Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) for their internal character representation. For transmission, the data are represented as 8-bit Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) characters. The character code is the only difference between the functional specifications of Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code and ASCII types of codes.

ASCII Code:
ASCII stands for American Standard Code For Information Interchange is a 7-bit code and makes 128 character combinations, whereas ab 8-bit can make 256 combinations. It was developed by ANSI and can handle alphanumeric data. 

Unicode:
Universal  Code is a 16-bit code and can represent up to 65536 symbols. Universal code has started to replace ASCII at all levels. It supports a comprehensive set of mathematical and technical symbols to simplify to verify all calculations.

Modes Of Data Communication:

When a person is giving a lecture or speech in a college, information is primarily conveyed in one direction. During a conversation, spoken messages are usually exchanged in both directions. These messages are normally exchanged alternately but, can of course are exchanged at a same time.
  • Simplex:
Simplex is a mode in which data flows in one direction only in a computer system. Because most modern communication systems require a two-way interchange of data, this mode of transmission is not as popular as its business involves certain point-of-sale terminals in which sales data is entered without a corresponding reply to another  location. that has other examples include radio and T.V transmissions.
Half-duplex:
In half-duplex transmission data can be sent and received in both directions in a computer system, but not at the same time. It's like a one-lane bridge where two-way traffic must give way in order to cross a road. Only one end transmits at one time, the other end receives. e.g; walkie talkie etc
Full Duplex:
The directional mode of communication is full-duplex in a computer system , data is transmitted in both directions at a same time on the same channel. thus, this type of communication can be thought of as same type to automobile traffic on a two-lane road in a way.

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