Basic Fundamental Of Internet

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 Basic Fundamental Of Internet

Overview:

In 1969, the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA )established a small computer network among different universities and defense organizations, The goal was to establish a large computer network that could survive in war times. There were only four hosts (A host is a computer that provides services to other computers of the networks). But the network grew rapidly and spanned over different countries of the world. meanwhile, another research organization, the National science foundation, 
joined the project.NSF established five supercomputing centers that were available to all researchers for academic purposes, To provide a high-speed network called NSF net.
During this period, some other small computer networks had also been established among various universities, colleges, and organizations. The authorities decided to link ARPANET, NSTnet, and other small networks so that they can communicate with each other. This link among different computer networks systems is referred to as the Internet.

How the Internet Works?

The Internet is a huge collection of millions of computers system, all linked together on a computer system network. The network allows all of the computers system to communicate with one another or each other. Home computer systems may be linked to the internet using a phone-line modem. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or cable modem that communicates to an internet service provider (ISP) for processing data. The business can then connect its Local Area Network to an ISP (international service provider)using a high-speed phone line like a T1 line. A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second, while a normal mobile phone line using a modem can typically handle 30,000 to 50,000 per second wave. Backbones around the world are connected to fiber-optic lines, undersea cables, or satellite links. In this way, every computer system on the internet is connected to every other computer on the internet to communicate and transfer data from one place to another.

Addressing Scheme:

The purpose of the internet is to established communication between widely separate computers. Computers can send and receive data of any kind from each other. Any computer system may initiate a transaction at any time of transmission. For this reason, the source machine (computer) system must have a unique identification of the destination computer system. On the internet, every computer has a unique address and can be contacted at this address 
There are two types of addressing schemes recognized on internet technology, these are; 
  • IP Addressing 
  • DNS Addressing

IP Addressing:

The electronic machine on the internet is assigned a unique address to a process known as an IP address. IP stands for "Internet  Protocol". And these addresses are 32 bits, normally expressed areas for "Octets" in a "Dotted Decimal Number". A typically IP address looks like this :

216.27.61.137
The four numbers in an IP address are called octets because they can have values between 0 and 225, which are 2^8 possibilities per octet. Every electronic machine on the internet network has a unique IP (Internet Protocol) address. A server has a static IP (internet protocol) address that does not change very often. A home machine that is dialing up through a modem often has an IP internet protocol address that is assigned by the ISP (international services protocol) when the machine dials in. That IP address is unique for those sessions; it may be different the next time the machine dials in. This way, an ISP (international service protocol)only needs one IP (internet protocol) address for each modem it supports, rather than for each customer.
As far as the Internet's machines are concerned, an IP (internet protocol) address is all you need to talk to a server computer network. 

DNS Addressing:

Because most people have trouble remembering the strings of numbers or digits that make up IP (internet protocol) addresses, and because IP (internet protocol) addresses sometimes need to change, all servers computer on the internet also have human-readable names, called domain names. For example, www.hotmall.com is a permanent, human-readable name. The name www.hotmall.com actually has two parts a hostname and a domain. These domain names are called top-level domains.  The list of top-level domains are as follow:

Domain        Type of Institution
.com               Business (commercial) 
.edu                educational institutes
.gov                Government organizations
.mil                 Military organizations
.org                 Other organizations (non-profitable)

Some large organization divides their top-level domain into subdomains. This lets
 you organize their web references.

Web Browsing

Web browsing

Searching information technology on the World Wide Web (www) is the same as Web Browsing.  A software known as a Web browser is used to search and view web pages. Hundreds of thousands of web pages are available on almost every topic. Here we shall discuss important terminology regarding the World Wide Web.

World Wide Web ( WWW)

The  World Wide Web was launched in 1987 at the European Particle Physics Laboratory in  Geneva, for adding a footnote, and cross-references in hypertext documents. The www uses the (hypertext transfer protocol) to link hypertext documents (web pages ) on the World Wide Web
A web page is a document that is written in HTML(Hypertext Markup language), in addition to simple text certain tags of HTML are include in the document. The language allows embedding hyperlinks (or simple links) in the document. A hypertext document of any type is also called a Web Page. Web sites are hosted on server network computers on internet technology. These computer systems are called web servers of the network system.

URL(Uniform Resource Location)

Every page has a unique address on the World Wide Web. This is called Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The format of the URL (uniform resources location) is as follows;
type;//address/path/

HTTP://www.yahoo.com/

Search Engine:

A website that uses powerful data searching techniques to help the user locate websites containing specific types of contents or information is said to be a search engine. For example google.com, ask.com, etc. are very popular search engines. Search engines have become very popular all over the world. Million of peoples use search engines to find out information on various topics. Search engines maintain a list of billions of web pages containing information on a variety of topics.











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